Traditional Marketing and E-marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Traditional Marketing and E-marketing - Essay Example The reason is obvious to this decade where for a customer the phenomena of switching over and over a brand is not a tough decision to make. Since the market is saturated for brands, and competition has swayed every brand to be as good as its competitor, traditional marketing does not work as much as e-marketing does. However there are some factors to which I think traditional marketing is still preferred by many of the retailers. Those factors when viewed in the light of the electronic commerce appear as 'threats' to many of us. For example electronic transactions which are concentrated only within a certain number of product categories, poses a threat to many of the e-retailers (Fritz et al, 2002, p. 73). However there are some other good reasons for choosing e-marketing. The easy integration of the traditional strategic marketing tools, which include generic marketing strategies, competitive marketing positions, and capabilities, into the e-marketing environment provides the consu mer a user friendly edge to opt for the specific brand.

Perfect competition Essay Example for Free

Perfect competition Essay A profit maximiser increases output until MC=MR at Q1. The intersection of MC with MR gives the profit maximising level of output. The intersection of MC with MR gives the profit maximising level of output. To find the market price one must project up from Q1 to the demand curve and across the vertical price axis, P1. Consumers are willing to pay P1 for Q1. Unit costs are only P2 so the firm is making an abnormal profit of (P1-P2)*Q1. The four key characteristics of monopoly are: (1) a single firm selling all output in a market, (2) a unique product, (3) restrictions on entry into and exit out of the industry, and more often than not (4) specialized information about production techniques unavailable to other potential producers. These four characteristics mean that a monopoly has extensive (boarding on complete) market control. Monopoly controls the selling side of the market. If anyone seeks to acquire the production sold by the monopoly, then they must buy from the monopoly. This means that the demand curve facing the monopoly is the market demand curve. They are one and the same. The characteristics of monopoly are in direct contrast to those of perfect competition. A perfectly competitive industry has a large number of relatively small firms, each producing identical products. Firms can freely move into and out of the industry and share the same information about prices and production techniques. Single supplier: The essence of a monopoly is a market controlled by a single seller. The most important aspect of being a single seller is that the monopoly seller IS the market. The market demand for a good IS the demand for the output produced by the monopoly. This makes monopoly a price maker, rather than a price taker. Unique Product: To be the only seller of a product, however, a monopoly must have a unique product. There are no close substitutes. A monopoly is an ONLY seller of a UNIQUE product. Barriers to Entry and Exit : A monopoly is generally assured of being the ONLY firm in a market because of assorted barriers to entry. Some of the key barriers to entry are: (1) government license or franchise, (2) resource ownership, (3) patents and copyrights, (4) high start-up cost, and (5) decreasing average total cost. A monopoly might also face barriers to exiting a market. If government deems that the product provided by the monopoly is essential for well-being of the public, then the monopoly might be prevented from leaving the market; Specialized Information Monopoly is commonly characterized by control of information or production technology not available to others. This specialized information often comes in the form of legally-established patents, copyrights, or trademarks. It could be a secret recipe or formula. Perhaps it is a unique method of production. While these create legal barriers to entry they also indicate that information is not perfectly shared by all. Natural Monopoly Sometimes markets become monopolies simply because it is more cost effective to have one firm serving an entire market than it is to have a number of smaller firms competing with one another. Firms whose economies of scale are virtually unlimited are known as natural monopolies, and the goods they produce are referred to as club goods. These firms come to be monopolies because their size and position makes it impossible for new entrants to compete on price. Natural monopolies are usually found in industries with high fixed costs and low marginal costs of operation, such as cable television, telephone, and internet providers. Legal Monopoly Sometimes a government will pass laws reserving a specific trade, product or service for government agencies. For example, many times a government agency will be in charge of running water. The legal barriers that are put up prevent other companies from competing with the government. Technological monopoly occurs when the good or service the company provides is has legal protection in the form of a patent or copyright. For example, if a company develops and patents a drug to cure brain cancer, that company has a legal monopoly over that drug.? Arguments for monopoly : The beneficial effects of economies of scale, economies of scope, and cost complementaries on price and output may outweigh the negative effects of market power. Encourage innovation.

To His Coy Mistress Essay -- English Literature

To His Coy Mistress Compare and Contrast â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† By John Donne. â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† and â€Å" To His Mistress Going to bed† are two poems that feature â€Å"carpe diem†; they are also written by two of the most well known metaphysical poets. Andrew Marvell, the author of â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† and John Donne, the writer of â€Å"To His Mistress Going To Bed†. Both poems were written through the 16th and 17th Century, where love and sex were describe as two different things. 16th and 17th century attitudes to love and relationship were much stricter than in the 21st Century, as wealthy men who wished to court a woman, would need to use the convention of writing a letter or a poem to try and win her over. This is precisely what these poems are about. Each man is trying to bed women, using their poetry. Their poems are more about sex, rather than love or romance. Using their metaphysical ways, they used their sexual images and witty conceits, to try and seduce the woman in question. In the 21st Century, it is not recommended for a man to take such action in doing so. Also in the 16th and 17th Century, woman was expected to be virgins until a chosen time. It was also unheard of for woman to have children out of wedlock, and if it did occur, then the woman would be seen as an outcast. Although in the 21st Century, it is more common if a woman has a child out of wedlock, she still could be seen as an outcast. Both men take a different way in choosing how to seduce the woman, but both take the same thought in the process, â€Å"To bed the woman†. Throughout time, the way of having sexual ways with each other, has changed Throughout this essay, I will be explaining the different and similarities, between these ... ...The each use a different beat, Marvell’s poem suit’s a simple octosyllasic couplet. It is centring the poem on time. Donne’s poem is an iambic pentameter. This gives it a slow pace, as if it is savouring the moment. In conclusion, after reading both poems, I discovered that I enjoyed reading Donne’s poem more than Marvell’s. I found both poems an interesting read, because over 500 years, love has changed. You would not find a man living in the 21st Century, writing poetry and letters to a woman, he wishes to bed. I think that this was a very romantic way of doing this. The reason why I enjoyed Donne’s poem is because it was sincere and passionate. Marvell’s being cool, witty and somewhat threatening. Both poets live up to their metaphysical ways on these poems, with their imagery, similes, metaphors, alliteration, repetition and sexually explicit words.

Policing Trends and Issues Essay

* History and roles of law enforcement in society. During the history of Law Enforcement the duty of police is to maintain order, dealing with lawbreakers. At the same time, citizens were responsible for protecting themselves and maintaining an orderly society. With the pass of the time, throughout the Law Enforcement field, organized police department have change dramatically. In addition, the modern style police departments did not appear until the fourteenth century in France and nineteenth century in England. Moreover, the first police officers were Praetorian Guard, who was a select group of highly qualified members of the military established by the Roman emperor Augustus to protect him and his palace. During the 1829, Sir Robert Peel credited with establishing the first English police department which was the London Metropolitan Police. At the same time, during the seventeenth century English policing system also used a form of individual, private police known them also like the Thief-takers. The Thief-Takers were private English citizens with no official status who were paid by the king for every criminal they arrested. The roles of law enforcement in society are criminal apprehension, conviction, and crime prevention. Throughout the history and roles of law enforcement many things have changed for example the treatment and punishments for offenders. In the past offenders were treat as animals and slaves, because while in prison they cannot communicate each other, during meal, and work. Moreover, during that time they have very strict rules, such as silent obedience, discipline, and labor, which they have to follow, and many offenders died inside of the prison as a result of brutal treatment. Now, offenders receive a different treatments and punishments, they are able to have communication with their inmates, and they do not receive brutal treatment like animals. They also form their gang members and sells drugs  while in prison. Then, during the 1980’s and 1990’s included the development of a computer revolution in policing involving communications, record keeping, fingerprinting, and criminal investigations. * Levels of jurisdiction. Police has jurisdiction and their city sheriff has jurisdiction over the county. * Distinction among the multiple functions of modern law enforcement agencies. * Analysis of historical events that have shaped modern policing practices. Past II – Scenario 1. Throughout the history of police agencies, there have been different traditions surrounding how to handle DUI stops. If you were on routine patrol and stopped a vehicle on reasonable suspicion of driving while intoxicated, and discovered that the passenger was your next door neighbor, what would you do? Historically, how would law enforcement handle this type of situation versus today? First at all, I will not care if he/she is my next door neighbor or even a family member, because I choose to become a police officer to protect and help my community without being corrupt. Then, I would do the right thing, without caring who is committing a DUI stop because my job is serving as a police officer and treat all people equal. I will handle this type of situation by asking for their license, insurance, and registration. In my opinion I think that law enforcement in the past should act violent, with the people. On the other hand, comparing it with today police officers should just ask for their license, insurance and registration, without any aggression against people. 2. You are on foot patrol and a citizen who is known to be a drug dealer walks up to you and complains that another officer is talking money from him. He is afraid of retaliation and is unsure how to handle this. What is the ethical and professional response to this, and why? 3. You are on duty and having lunch. While you are eating, a citizen walks up to you and tells you that the bank across the street is being robbed. How do you respond? Who has jurisdiction and why? 4. You have recently completed field training and are on routine patrol when you receive a call to a disturbance in a home, when you arrive, you realize that one of the individuals involved is threatening suicide. You have not been trained to deal with suicide threats. How do you respond? 5. You are on routine patrol and you notice two individuals on the street looking inside of jewelry store. It is 85 degrees out in the middle of July and they are both wearing heavy winter coats. Explain which Supreme Court case would apply and what you would do in this situation. 6. You are recruit that has just graduated from the academy. It is your first week being trained on the street. You and your Field Training Officer walk into a department store and you observe him taking an item without paying for it. You leave that store and on your way out he tells you that if you are questioned by anyone, you did not see anything. What do you do in this situation? Part III – summary Reactions * How do ethical decisions tie into the profession of policing? Ethical decisions tie into the profession of policing by doing the right thing. In other words, ethical decisions are a set of standards that tell us how we should behave at all times. In addition, no one stands without a code of ethics; everyone has to follow their code of ethics based on their positions. For example, ethics are more than what we must do its doing what we should do following a code of ethics which requires self control at all times. Moreover, ethical decisions tie into the profession of policing by doing the right thing and seeing the difference between the right and wrong thing. These ethical decisions are very significant in the field of policing because each ethical decision has consequences. For example, when you do the right thing you can gain sacrifice, pride, integrity, reputation, honor, respect, caring, responsibility and satisfaction than doing an unethical decision and having bad consequences for your career. * In the scenarios above, and in general, why do you think it is important to maintain ethical and professional behavior in the workplace at all times. It is important to  maintain ethical and professional behavior in the workplace at all time, because it help you to have self-control, give fairness for all, and because it affects our workplace or business. Another reason of why ethical and professional behavior is important in the workplace at all times is important is because having a good conduct helps maintain a high level of respect not only for people but for the profession you have. In other words, as a professional, you need to know the things you should not do because each workplace has a different ethical code of behavior that has to be follow and not to be violate. On the other hand, being honest, having respect and telling the truth all times at work is an ethical thing to do. Maintaining an ethical and professional behavior in the workplace at all times, have benefits, which are helpful such as respect, integrity, and honor. Also each professional behavior has a result of progress, and success. Then, having an ethical and professional behavior is important because if you chose a career in criminal justice you have to serve and protect people from criminals by doing the right thing not by being corrupt. * Describe why it is important to understand the function of law enforcement within the criminal justice and how understanding this can better prepare you for a career within the criminal justice field. For example, if you chosen career function is corrections, how does law enforcement work with the correctional system in ensuring justice is served?

Change Management: The Komatsu Case

Organizations are in constant interactions with their environments.   A change in the environment will subsequently cause a change in the organization that interacts with it.   This change can be positive or negative, and in both cases, it alters the organization’s status on many different levels.   Dealing with this change on all the levels is a key factor in minimizing disruptions to the organization’s functioning and growth.   In other words, change management is â€Å"a managerial and organizational process that realigns an organizations strategy, structure and process in pro-action or reaction to chaos in the environment† (Worthy et. al., 1996, p. 16).   The process of change management, and how it influences an organization’s strategy and management, is analyzed herewith in context of the Komatsu company.Brief HistoryKomatsu Iron Works was a subsidiary of Takeuchi Mining Industry, manufacturing industrial tools for the parent company.   I n 1921, the founder of the company, Mr. Takeuchi, incorporated Komatsu Ltd. as an independent company.   Komatsu originally manufactured mining equipment, but started making agricultural equipment such as tractors by 1931.   During the second world war, it was an important manufacturer of tanks, bulldozers, and other heavy machinery.   Post-war, Komatsu began focusing on the earth moving equipment (EME market).   In the 1950s, the company’s machinery was in demand because of the ongoing postwar construction in Japan.   Although its customer base was strong at that time, Komatsu did not command a significant market share, and the quality of its machines was inadequate.   This was a major factor in customer dissatisfaction, however, the Japanese manufacturers operated in a protected environment at that time, with no significant foreign competitors.In 1963, the Japanese Ministry of Trade allowed the entry of foreign EME manufacturers in Japan.   This signaled a com plete change in Komatsu’s market environment.   Now the competition extended to foreign counterparts, most of whom had long been established as market leaders in the EME category.   The following sections discuss Komatsu’s strategies for managing these challenges, and how they dealt with change in the process.CompetitionMajor heavy machinery manufacturers like Caterpillar, J.I. Case, Fiat-Ellis and John Deere were all technologically more advanced than Komatsu, and had widespread dealer networks and manufacturing bases.   The most formidable competitor in the EME segment was Caterpillar, the world’s largest manufacturer of heavy machinery.   Caterpillar’s equipment was much more sophisticated and of a higher quality, and its distributor and dealer network was very solid.   Komatsu realized then that it was imperative for the company to upgrade its products and operations, in order to survive the competition.The company was headed at the time by Yashinari Kawai, who recognized the urgent need to revamp the company’s product quality, both technically and functionally.   In order to bring Komatsu products up to date, the company signed licensing arrangements with two major EME manufacturers, International Harvester and Bucyrus Erie.   This gave Komatsu the opportunity to improve the equipment quality for the agricultural and the industrial sector.In addition, Kawai implemented the Japanese concept of TQC (Total quality Control), which led to a huge improvement in the performance, reliability, and durability of the equipment.   This was one of the major change management challenges that Kawai handled successfully.   Kawai realized that in order to change the customers’ perception of Komatsu products, it was first necessary to change the employees’ own view of the kind of products that the company made.Changing the mindset of every employee and incorporating the philosophy of uncompromised quality a t every level in the company required a strong, skillful leader.   Kawai manouvered this change implementation by open communication, reward, and most importantly, setting an example for all employees by involving everyone from the top management to the shopfloor workers, in this endeavor.  Ã‚   When Komatsu was awarded the Deming Prize for quality control just 3 years later, it served as a huge morale booster for the company.Another major change measure implemented at this time was Project A.   In the first phase of this project, the employees were instructed to ignore costs and concentrate solely on achieving the best possible quality for their equipment.   Once this goal was achieved, the second phase of Project A was implemented, focusing on cost reduction.   Each and every aspect of design and manufacturing was closely scrutinized, checking for bottlenecks and wastage of resources.This resulted in a lean, finely-tuned manufacturing process, that complemented the high quality of Komatsu’s equipment.   From 1965 to 1970, the company’s domestic market share grew from 50% to 65%, despite the presence of Mitsubishi-Caterpillar.   According to Kawai, this feat was achieved largely due to the employee morale and drive at Komatsu.   In his words, â€Å"the prevailing atmosphere was that of a crisis, resulting in a spirit of unity between the management and the staff†.   This company-wide presence of a common goal took precedence over management and labor issues, and resulted in highly successful change management.Komatsu had implemented a two-pronged strategy to achieve success – vertical integration and TQC.   Vertical integration meant that the entire line of business had to be perfectly aligned and free of defects, right from the bottom.   To ensure this, they started with quality raw materials.   The second aspect was TQC – incorporating the philosophy of quality control everywhere and within everyone in the company.   Komatsu also extended the TQC strategy to its dealerships, encouraging them to implement the system.   This strategy of tackling the problem at the root and improvising upon it was the key to strong growth, and enabled Komatsu to offer formidable competition to Caterpillar – accomplishing what other companies such as J.I. Case and John Deere could not.Business EnvironmentFrom the time Komatsu started implementing change, the business environment was constantly shifting, in terms of demand, cost advantage, and regulations.   By mid-1970s, the domestic market for EME was stagnating, with Komatsu having 60% of the market, and the Mitsubishi-Caterpillar partnership having 30%.   Growth was slowing down in the less developed countries too.   Komatsu’s management responded by developing the V 10 plan, aiming to reduce costs by 10% while improving quality.   In 1976, an unexpected event in the financial markets caused further concern.   The Ja panese Yen was appreciating rapidly against the dollar, rising from 293 in 1976 to 240 in 1977.   To cushion the company’s exports, Komatsu’s management followed an internal exchange rate of 180 yen to the dollar.   This ensured that Komatsu’s costs and pricing were well-adjusted to the market conditions, and their exports did not suffer.   Komatsu’s policy of anticipating change and fortifying the company against any adverse effects again worked to its advantage.Problems faced by KomatsuExporting their equipment to other countries had always been a part of Komatsu’s vision.   This goal constituted the company’s Project B.   With their improved and technically capable equipment, by 1970 Kawai was eager to launch major international operations for the company.   However, there were considerable barriers to this end – Komatsu’s limited international recognition and dealer base, fierce competition, and legal regulation s.The technology license that it had obtained from International Harvester and Bucyrus Erie had imposed export restrictions on them.   Komatsu recognized this as an impediment, and established its R&D laboratory in 1966.   But there were still significant requirements for establishing an international market presence.   Caterpillar, for example, had its dealership centers across the globe, some of which were exclusive dealerships.   This made it difficult for Komatsu, with its relatively limited product line and manufacturing base, to create the required dealer network.   In order to overcome this obstacle, Komatsu priced its products 30 to 40 percent below Caterpillar’s.   This allowed them to get the intial foothold in the international markets.   Komatsu also benefited from the increased demand for construction machinery in less developed countres in Asia and Mexico, and in Saudi Arabia.In the 1970s, Komatsu had also started expanding its product line.   Ry oichi Kawai, now the president of Komatsu, made special efforts to build and develop international client and dealer relationships.   He also instructed managers to regularly visit customers, and get first hand information on their requirements and issues.   Keeping abreast of technological changes and being one of the first to adopt and incorporate new technology in its equipment was a key factor to success.Komatsu incorporated electronic technology into all its machinery, creating differentiated, high quality products.   In 1979, the worldwide construction industry was at a low.   To combat the depressed economy, Komatsu’s management launched the â€Å"F and F† or Future and Frontiers program, formulated to develop new products and new businesses.   Once again, a companywide buzz was created, and suggestions were welcomed from every level within the company.   These suggestions resulted in the production of diverse new products such as arc-welding robots and an excavating system for deep-sea sand.In the early 1980s, Komatsu objected to the export restrictions which still continued to be imposed on it by Bucyrus Erie.   Komatsu won this appeal and gained export rights from Bucyrus Erie.   It also managed to free itself from the agreement with International Harvester, and gained full freedom to export its equipment worldwide.   This was a major milestone for Komatsu, and the company took full advantage of its established quality and dealerships.   It also capitalized on the embargo that prevented Caterpillar from exporting to Russia in the early 1980s.   In 1981, the Siberian Natural Resource Project was handed over entirely to Komatsu.   In a short while, Komatsu was expected to outperform Caterpillar in the Russian market.As their international customer base increased, so did the need for customized equipment for different countries, based on the type of work, environment, and legal regulations.   Designing customized equipment for each customer separately was not cost effective.   To counter this, the management adopted the policy of EPOCHS – Efficient Production-Oriented Choice Specifications.   The idea was to save costs by standardizing production modules for core projects along with the required number of parts, and adding different specifications as necessary.Around this time, the increasing freight and shipping costs, and Japan’s strained trade relations with the US and Europe were increasingly becoming a cause for concern.   It was during this time that the US automakers opposed the import of Japanese cars in the market, and Komatsu was fearful that a similar plea might be raised by Caterpillar and other heavy-machinery manufacturers. In order to curb these potential problems, Komatsu manufactured the core parts of its equipment in all its plants.   This reduced the shipping frequency as well as the freight costs.   It also developed assembly bases in Brazil and Me xico, and was working on a joint venture proposal with its dealer in Indonesia.Current Situation and OptionsThe case refers to the scenario in 1984, a period of recession around the world.   The building and construction industry was also affected, with most players assuming some losses.   The biggest source of concern for Komatsu, however, was Caterpillar.   Caterpillar had experienced its third consecutive year of losses, and was in the midst of a major labor strike.   Kawai knew that this was an opportunity to take over where Caterpillar faltered – but it was also an indication of the increasingly difficult   business environment.   Witnessing a large, successful company like Caterpillar struggling to retain its position in the market, Kawai became concerned about Komatsu, and what it could do to avoid being in a similar situation.Komatsu’s options were centered around keeping a close watch on the market and on Caterpillar.   Komatsu employees were in the habit of reading Caterpillar’s monthly news bulletins and press releases, in order to stay informed regarding their competitor’s activities and plans.   Komatsu also realized the need to keep its labor force functioning, and continue keeping the costs down.   Their international operations also had to be strengthened at this time, capitalizing on Caterpillar’s compromised position.  Ã‚   These options are evaluated in the following section.RecommendationsIn keeping with its established policy, Komatsu should place particular emphasis on anticipating change and devising measures to optimize the benefits while curbing the negative effects.   To an extent, it was complacency that had cost Caterpillar – the managers’ priority was on increasing the customer base without addressing customer value or employee needs.   Therefore, managing labor relations is one of the most important issues for Komatsu.   The workers at Komatsu earn signific antly lesser than their counterparts at Caterpillar.   However, this is offset by high employee morale and  Ã‚   strong labor-management relations.   Maintaining this status is extremely important for Komatsu, both in terms of employee productivity and controlling costs by minimizing overhead.The second recommendation for Komatsu would be to strengthen its international presence.   With the capital that it has accumulated, Komatsu is in a position to either buy out a number of smaller competitors, or acquire a successful ally.   This would further consolidate Komatsu’s manufacturing operations and distributor channels.   It should also continue its R&D efforts and product diversification plans, and stay ahead of the competition.   If necessary, Komatsu can form a joint venture with a company to ease the manufacturing and operations of diversified products.ReferencesWorley, C.G., Hitchen, D.E., & Ross, W.L. (1996). Integrated strategic change: How OD builds a com petitive advantage. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Printable Chemistry Quiz - Atom Basics

Printable Chemistry Quiz - Atom Basics This is a multiple choice chemistry quiz on atoms that you may take online or print. You may wish to review atomic theory before taking this quiz. A self-grading online version of this quiz is available, too. TIP:To view this exercise without ads, click on print this page. The three basic components of an atom are:(a) protons, neutrons, and ions(b) protons, neutrons, and electrons(c) protons, neutrinos, and ions(d) protium, deuterium, and tritiumAn element is determined by the number of:(a) atoms(b) electrons(c) neutrons(d) protonsThe nucleus of an atom consists of:(a) electrons(b) neutrons(c) protons and neutrons(d) protons, neutrons, and electronsA single proton has what electrical charge?(a) no charge(b) positive charge(c) negative charge(d) either a positive or negative chargeWhich particles have approximately the same size and mass as each other?(a) neutrons and electrons(b) electrons and protons(c) protons and neutrons(d) none - they are all very different in size and massWhich two particles would be attracted to each other?(a) electrons and neutrons(b) electrons and protons(c) protons and neutrons(d) all particles are attracted to each otherThe atomic number of an atom is:(a) the number of electrons(b) the number of neutrons(c) the number of pro tons(d) the number of protons plus the number of neutrons Changing the number of neutrons of an atom changes its:(a) isotope(b) element(c) ion(d) chargeWhen you change the number of electrons on an atom, you produce a different:(a) isotope(b) ion(c) element(d) atomic massAccording to atomic theory, electrons are usually found:(a) in the atomic nucleus(b) outside the nucleus, yet very near it because they are attracted to the protons(c) outside the nucleus and often far from it - most of an atoms volume is its electron cloud(d) either in the nucleus or around it - electrons are readily found anywhere in an atom Answers: 1 b, 2 d, 3 c, 4 b, 5 c, 6 b, 7 c, 8 a, 9 b, 10 c

Free Essays on Lysistrata

In the Greek society, the ideal of comedy was formed from the cognitive idea of â€Å"this couldn’t happen.† This form was used in the play, Lysistrata, to illustrate this point. Such pessimistic ideas were the sexual content, women as leaders, and a female controlled society. The idea of sexual control to end a war was far fetched. That by women abstaining from sexual intercourse with their men and denying any such relationships with them that the war between Athenians and Persians would be ceased. This war would have happened with or without the women anyways and would continue till a victor arose from battle. This is shown true by the length of the war and by the treaties that were continuously rejected by Greece. The ideal that was conjured by Lysistrata was one of great ludicrously thought for the social rules of the Greece. Women during this time period played the part of the housewife. Cooking for the men, caring for the children, and attending to the household duties was their main objectives. Women would not have dared such a bold overthrow of social roles. Secondly, Lysistrata in a role of power, commanding the women as if she were a general of an army is the next abstract in the comedy. As mentioned before, during this time period, women would stay at home and deal with the issues that involved the household and not the outside world. The women were viewed as property of the men and the men were law or â€Å"king of their domain† not to be questioned by anyone within their household. Lysistrata taking this role as a commander is not characteristic of women during this era. To convince other women to go against their men and lovers in hopes of ending a war, to ban all men from the acropolis, to plead to the magistrate and still live after that, and finally, bring idealism of democracy to the government. These actions all done by women of this era are simple ridiculous. Next is the females’ controlling the acropo... Free Essays on Lysistrata Free Essays on Lysistrata In the Greek society, the ideal of comedy was formed from the cognitive idea of â€Å"this couldn’t happen.† This form was used in the play, Lysistrata, to illustrate this point. Such pessimistic ideas were the sexual content, women as leaders, and a female controlled society. The idea of sexual control to end a war was far fetched. That by women abstaining from sexual intercourse with their men and denying any such relationships with them that the war between Athenians and Persians would be ceased. This war would have happened with or without the women anyways and would continue till a victor arose from battle. This is shown true by the length of the war and by the treaties that were continuously rejected by Greece. The ideal that was conjured by Lysistrata was one of great ludicrously thought for the social rules of the Greece. Women during this time period played the part of the housewife. Cooking for the men, caring for the children, and attending to the household duties was their main objectives. Women would not have dared such a bold overthrow of social roles. Secondly, Lysistrata in a role of power, commanding the women as if she were a general of an army is the next abstract in the comedy. As mentioned before, during this time period, women would stay at home and deal with the issues that involved the household and not the outside world. The women were viewed as property of the men and the men were law or â€Å"king of their domain† not to be questioned by anyone within their household. Lysistrata taking this role as a commander is not characteristic of women during this era. To convince other women to go against their men and lovers in hopes of ending a war, to ban all men from the acropolis, to plead to the magistrate and still live after that, and finally, bring idealism of democracy to the government. These actions all done by women of this era are simple ridiculous. Next is the females’ controlling the acropo... Free Essays on Lysistrata After reading Lysistrata, it is very obvious that it is a â€Å"Brillo pad comedy† aimed at reforming Greek society. Aristophanes is not trying to completely topple the existing structure, but he does use Lysistrata to illustrate its flaws, mainly that of the wars it waged. He even provides very explicit instructions on how to â€Å"cleanse† the problems of society. Although Lysistrata may seem to have a feminist overtone, I believe that this was only a way for Aristophanes to voice his complaints without being too revolutionary. The cast of women in the play never really show any feminist ideals. It is Lysistrata who is the only one with any resolution and she is summoned by the chorus with the words, â€Å"All hail, O manliest woman of all!† (Lines 1213-1214) This shows that she is only seen as powerful because she is man-like. The non-feminist structure of the play is amplified by the fickleness of the other women, Lysistrata: â€Å"At last it seems that I am no longer capable of keeping them from men. They are deserting me.† (813) The women seem as though they have no minds of there own and look upon there sex as almost worthless in the beginning of the play, Kalonike: â€Å"†¦ [depends] on the women? In that case poor Greece has next to nothing to depend on.† (31) Lastly, the play was not meant to be fem inistic because the women’s only source of power is their sexuality. They must depend on the men to want sex for their plan to work. Aristophanes was using the women and using the dialog of Lysistrata to get his point across. The Grecian wars were pointless and should be stopped. He was trying to scrub Greek society and leave it free of war. By having the women be the voice of peace in the play, Aristophanes was appealing to people without actually coming out and saying his views. The women were not seen as rational; therefore, they could be more radical in their opinions. It kept Aristophanes free from heat.... Free Essays on Lysistrata Aristophanes’ Lysistrata is the classic tale of the war of the sexes. The women in the play are portrayed as independent and wanting the war between Sparta and Athens to end. The men are portrayed as belligerent, war-crazy men who seldom used logic. Aristophanes uses his dialogue to enlighten the reader as to the social relevance of women. From the very beginning of Lysistrata the author’s agenda is lucent. In scene one the Commissioner describes the women as degenerates because in ancient Greece the women are not supposed to voice their opinion. Any women that rose above the social bounds are considered to be stupid or a degenerate. The Commissioner saw women as a nuisance and simplifies them to the domestic duties which they perform by calling their protest against the war, â€Å"a racket of little drums, what a yapping for Adonis on every house top.† With the mention of Adonis, the ideal man, the Commissioner goes even further to suggest women are tied to men. The Commissioners reference to the women being on every house top refers to the women being only good for taking care of the house and being good house wives. This is what the women of ancient Greece were considered good for. During this time period this type of behavior was unheard of by women. The women were never considered a citizen in ancient Greece. The men always voiced their opinion for their wives and made all the important decisions in the household. For the Commissioner to have a village of women voicing their views throughout the village is a complete mockery. The commissioner proceeds to recall a speech that he remembered but before explaining this speech he quickly referred to it as â€Å"out of order, as usual.† This quick reference is a pun intended to quickly express his views on how women behave all the time. He proceeds to suggest women’s opinions as illogical by comparing them to, â€Å"that fool Demostratos†, a sophist. During this... Free Essays on Lysistrata Written during the war, a time of chaos and crisis in Greece, Aristophanes’ play Lysistrata was an attempt to lighten the atmosphere of the country, and provide humor for the people. In my opinion, the comedy was produced for entertainment value, exaggerating and making fun of the actions of both genders. This piece emphasizes the way women use their sexuality and femininity to get their way, while, at the same time, exemplifying the aggressive, stubbornness of men. In the opening scene, when Lysistrata is explaining her plan to the other women, Aristophanes shows the way females use their femininity and sexuality to gain power. They are going to â€Å"sit around all prettied up in flowers and scandalous saffron-yellow gowns, groomed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I do not think that Lysistrata was, in any way, a threat to the hierarchy of the government because at that time, females were looked upon as merely sex objects, with no political power. This play is written more about the difference in gender and social roles, rather than the political issues. Aristophanes focused much more on the interaction between the men and women, rather than political or government views. Another interesting idea throughout the piece was the words Aristophanes used to describe each gender. The words used when talking about the males were masculine, physical words, while he describes the women as attractive and more passive. For example, the male’s lines include words such as â€Å"rescued†, trudge†, â€Å"noise†, and â€Å"drive these crowbars.† The women describe themselves with words such as â€Å"skins well creamed†, â€Å"transparent negligee†, â€Å"smooth†, and â€Å"perfume†. One question I found myself wondering throughout the play is â€Å"who is in control, or who has the upper-hand†? Although it looks like the males are more powerful and physically fit, the women used what they had to get what they wanted. I think the females were actually in cont...

Japanese Expressions about Dating

Japanese Expressions about Dating Phrase of the Day is a mind exercise. This months phrases are for dating! All phrases are quite casual. Please use only as a mind exercise (talk to yourself) just like the previous phrases, or use with a close friend. You might hear these expressions more on TV, anime or from native speakers. They will be helpful for you in some way, even you dont have a chance to use them ...   Have a fun! 1. I have a date today. Kyoo wa deeto da! 2. I look awful! Hidoi kao shiteru! 3. What shall I wear? Nani o kite ikou kana. 4. I am running late. Osokunarisou. 5. I wonder if he/she will wait for me. Mattete kureru kana. 6. He/She should have been here by now. Mou kuru hazu nanoni. 7. I wonder if I am waiting in the wrong place. Machiawase-basho machigaeta kana. 8. I will wait five more minutes. Ato go-fun matou. 9. I am sorry I am late. Okurete gomen ne. 10. Thank you for waiting. Mattete kurete arigatou. 11. What happened? Doushitano? 12. I was getting worried. Shinpai shichatta yo. 13. Dont be so mad. Sonnani okoranaide yo. 14. Do you mind if I look in this store for a minute? Koko chotto mite ittemo ii? 15. I am tired. Tsukarechatta. 16. Shall we stop for tea? Ocha shinai? 17. Where should we go next? Tsugi wa doko e ikou ka. 18. How about a movie? Eiga demo miru? 19. Lets go eat. Shokuji shiyou. 20. Do you feel like sushi? Sushi nanka dou? 21. Id rather have Chinese food. Chuuka ryouri no hou ga ii. 22. I wonder how much money I have left. Okane, ato ikura nokotteru kana. 23. Good, I have plenty. Yokatta, juubun aru. 24. Shoot, I might need more than this. Shimatta, tarinai kamo. 25. Why dont I pay half? Warikan ni shinai? 26. Its 11 oclock already! Mou juuichi-ji sugi da! 27. I have to go home. Kaeranakucha. 28. Shall I walk you home? Okutte ikou ka. 29. Why am I so nervous? Nande konnani doki doki shichau n darou. 30. I dont want to go home. Kaeritakunai na. The phrases for dating continue next month.

Food mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Food mart - Essay Example Because the order quantity that he desired was not available at the closest store possible, Foodmart cannot be considered to have ripped Todd off by not having the correct amount of chocolate sauce on stock. Todd may not have been aware at the time, but Todd entered into a contract with Foodmart that contained several terms and conditions. This is not a special case; every customer who purchases items online need to be aware of all the fine details of the contract that they are entering into. For Foodmart’s online order contract, the customer cannot purchase items that were advertised for cheaper in print. In addition to this stipulation, the online sales contract states that orders placed online can only receive inventory that is available from the closest store in terms of location. Thus, Foodmart cannot be held accountable as they laid out all the terms and conditions in their online contract. If the customer chooses not to take notice of this, then it is solely the custome r’s responsibility and the company at hand cannot be held responsible. If the company chooses to reimburse Todd then that is their choice, but they have no legal obligation to do so. It may be to the company’s benefit to reimburse him once because he may prove to be a long-term customer. The benefits in this case may outweigh the negatives so it may be best to give Todd the benefit of the doubt this time only. If he is in a similar situation again, then Foodmart should advise him that there is nothing that they can do for him. Foodmart should try to avoid such a situation in the future by making its customers aware of the terms and conditions of any contract. This would avoid legal issues down the road and it would give assurances to a customer that everything will be done through legal means. Foodmart could make it easier for customers by writing its terms and conditions in simple and easy to understand words so that

Enligh Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enligh Literature - Essay Example His wife continues to question him and on her insistence, he tells her he would not. Then, she storms out and shows his indifference towards him by reading and locking up herself. He continues with the chores and later finds her locked in the bathroom. He tells her he would marry her and she says, she'd see! Later, she asks him to switch off the lights and when she walks into the room, he finds himself with a stranger in his wife! The first issue we encounter in the journal is not the major theme of Racial Discrimination but that of the relationship between the husband and wife. The husband is shown as a compassionate and considerate husband, as he helps her with the chores. Later, however, we do feel that his love might be limited by racial undertones, as he says he would not have married her if she was black. This uncovers the fact that humans tend to overlook love and give more importance to trivial walls like race and colour. The basic emotions go for a toss when one possesses an attitude that divides humanity. The next issue

Examining Alternatives to Globalization Research Paper

Examining Alternatives to Globalization - Research Paper Example It is a fact that the people who are against globalization would actually accept anything that has an opposite tilt to what globalization has to offer. This would mean that the globalization ranks would simply be deemed as unacceptable as they do not bring forward any benefits for their entirety. When it comes to consumerism, they opine that the phenomenon of globalization undertakes measures to make sure that the most deserving individuals within the society do not get what is theirs. Also the element of consumerism has come about with the advent of time and globalization is one such facet which has made headlines due to a number of factors, most significant of which is the premise of bringing the world together, yet this hardly takes place as is suggested by the ones who detest globalization in letter and spirit. Thus globalization is by their standards a very difficult phenomenon which has no advantages so to speak. These people believe that immigration and nutrition are affected due to the advent of globalization in this day and age. There are individuals who do not believe in the dictum of globalization because it hurts the cause of the society from a collective growth and development stance.

Assignment 4-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 4-3 - Essay Example This situation had grown to the extent that the older employee was experiencing difficulty reaching his previously set quality of work, and his worsened moods meant that the general work-place environment was affected. Other co-workers did identify the situation, and were also affected as they had to interact with both. It was identified that the older employee claimed that he had no issue with any religious affiliation or doctrine; but felt that religion should be personal, and should not overpower one's behavior and style of speaking at work; since the work-place is a multicultural atmosphere. He felt that having to constantly hear religious metaphors reduced the professional element of the work-place. The younger employee on the other hand confessed to find great strength and inspiration from religion. He claimed that he never meant to hurt anyone's sensibilities but the religious metaphors were understood easily by all, and helped him make his point. He also believed that there w as no harm in using religious metaphors to promote positive and productive attitudes. Given the situation where neither is at fault, but the matter is more of a clash between personal attitudes, it was difficult to arrive at a solution easily.

The problem of Skepticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The problem of Skepticism - Essay Example there are views about philosophical traditional problems, For example, the problem of induction and other minds are seen as forms of restricted skepticism which holds that we all cannot have knowledge of any proposals in any particular domain that we think to be within our understanding. In this regard, this essay will focus on the problem of skepticism, in terms of if we can ever be justified in claiming to know something and has risen repeatedly in the history of epistemology, as well as expound if the challenge of skepticism can be answered in my area of study, communication and advertising ( Feldman & Richard, 2003). Skepticism questions our knowledge in many ways, as well as domains whereby we think that knowledge is possible. However, the problem of skepticism has risen repeatedly in the history of epistemology, in that some philosophers think that the main purpose of epistemology is to rebut and meet the challenge of skeptical. For example, Philosophical skepticism is a school of thought which crosses cultures and disciplines. In addition, many skeptics have critically examined the meaning of the systems and the examination often results to doubt or ambiguity. Skepticism also ranges from disbelief in philosophical contemporary solutions and rejecting the external world to reality (Chisholm, 1992). The challenge of skepticism cannot be answered by the field of study in communication and advertising because the problem of skepticism is lacking empirical evidence. DeWeese & Moreland (2005) adds that we are all skeptical on some things, particularly since opposition and doubt are not always distinguished.

Assignment 4-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 4-3 - Essay Example This situation had grown to the extent that the older employee was experiencing difficulty reaching his previously set quality of work, and his worsened moods meant that the general work-place environment was affected. Other co-workers did identify the situation, and were also affected as they had to interact with both. It was identified that the older employee claimed that he had no issue with any religious affiliation or doctrine; but felt that religion should be personal, and should not overpower one's behavior and style of speaking at work; since the work-place is a multicultural atmosphere. He felt that having to constantly hear religious metaphors reduced the professional element of the work-place. The younger employee on the other hand confessed to find great strength and inspiration from religion. He claimed that he never meant to hurt anyone's sensibilities but the religious metaphors were understood easily by all, and helped him make his point. He also believed that there w as no harm in using religious metaphors to promote positive and productive attitudes. Given the situation where neither is at fault, but the matter is more of a clash between personal attitudes, it was difficult to arrive at a solution easily.

The Labor Market Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

The Labor Market Discrimination - Essay Example Also, the reduction of the discrimination from the beginning like in schools and the removal of complete disparity at this stage helps in developing more diverse society and a more effective labor market as well. The focus on skills rather than the creed and culture is also a major factor impacting the reduction of the Labor Market Discrimination. Other factors that also impact the Labor Market Discrimination include the opening up of fewer jobs for people and the acceptance of genders, castes and creed helps in improving the condition of the Labor Market Discrimination. The three movies that have been discussed in this class include Freedom Writers, Rossie the Riveter and Crash. The three movies although are of different genres and come from completely different views and insights have the main theme of gender and race discrimination. For instance, the movie Crash is based on a complete racial discrimination where the police officer is against African Americans and hence takes the step of even sexually abusing here in a routine stop. All actions that the police officer takes are based on complete racial discrimination and have a major impact on the story as a whole. In terms of Rossie the Riveter, it is clear that the discrimination is mostly based on the women and how women are treated like they cannot work. In the normal world, there are a number of jobs that are believed to be a ‘man’s job’ and women are considered to be unworthy of doing the job. This story has brought out how women overcome all the conventional beliefs and s how the world that they can work together and can work as well or in fact better than men in a number of occasions as well. Considering the Freedom Writer the story brings out how a culturally mixed class work together and how a woman is able to bring an unruly class to a more organized and well-behaved class.  Ã‚  

Texting and Driving Speech Essay Example for Free

Texting and Driving Speech Essay To convince my audience that the use of cell phone while driving is dangerous. Central Idea: The use of cell phone should be banned while driving because of the minds not focus on the driving,the driving and the distraction by the phone. Organization: Problem, solution, solution Main Point: Point Elaborate †¢Mind cannot focus on driving †¢Distraction from the cell phone †¢Effects: accident/injury †¢Effects: jeopardize people around †¢Example: The driver will not focus with the driving and will endanger people around if there are mistakes while driving. (statistic) †¢Hand phone should be banned †¢Banning the usage of cell phone while driving †¢Harm people around †¢Solution: Goverment need to be aggresive on settling this issue. †¢Solution: Government need to fine the driver with high prices. Example –state of Massachusetts have given the penalty to the driver that is found guilty will be fine for $100 for first offense and the second offence will be $250 and the third offence will be $500. †¢Driving amp; distraction †¢To have slower braking time †¢Solution: Installing Rumble Strips along road to get attention of the driver. Topic Gadget Title The use of cell phone should be banned while driving General Purpose To persuade Specific Purpose To convince my audience that the use of cell phone while driving is dangerous Central Idea The use of cell phone should be banned while driving because minds cannot focus on the driving, the ways to overcome this problem which are the government need to fine driver that found guilty with high prices and the government need to improve the roads condition such as installing the â€Å"Rumble strips†. Organization Problem, Solution, Solution INTRODUCTION †¢Open with impact/ Attention getter Cell phone is a gadget where people tend to use to make call, give short message service (SMS). (suddenly the phone is ringing and I picked it up while doing presentation). Tie to the audience/ reason to listen Back to my slide, fact says that we cannot do two things at the same time. Based on what I acted just now showing that while I gave my speech, and someone just call me at the same time, I cannot do that both. It is related with while we are driving, and someone just calls us, and then we tend to do or focus on just one thing. Why I am saying that? That is because we use only half of our brain to process for what we do. †¢Credibility statement/ material When I drove back to my hometown and yes, sometimes I am talking on the phone while driving. So, after few times seeing some accident and the impact when using hand phone while driving, I get my knees shake. †¢Preview of main points/ central idea For today, I will convincing you that cell phone need to be banned while driving because the minds will not focus on the driving and how to overcome this problem which is the government need to fine driver that found guilty with high prices and the government should improve the roads condition such as put the â€Å"rumble strips†. Transition to body of speech: First of all, we need to know what the problem in this statement is. Main point 1 When we are driving in a car while talking on the phone, our mind cannot focus on the road because one hand with the phone and one hand manoeuvre the car. †¢Supporting details 1 Certain studies show that driving while talking on the phone can lead to injury or increasing the crash risk. †¢Supporting details 2 Example like a study by Suzanne McEvoy and colleagues of driver on 2005 in Western Australia have found that drivers that are using cell phones were four times tend to be in injury-resulting crashes when talking on the cell phones. Supporting details 3 Niki Taylor which is a supermodel had got in an accident. The accident was began when a friend of her or stockbroker, James ‘Chad’ Renegar had hit a utility pole while trying to retrieve a ringing phone. From the report, there were also a passenger aside Niki. The weather were stormy and the road were wet and winding. Niki sat in front of passenger seat during the low impact crash. (picture of Niki Taylor) Transition to main point 2 As we all know, the government have banned the use of cell phone while driving. †¢Main point 2 Phone can bring harm to people around if the driver is using it. Government need to be aggressive in settling this issue. So, the government need to fine the driver with high prices summons. †¢Supporting details 1 Example like one of state in United States of America which is Massachusetts had given the penalty to the driver that has been found guilty. They will be fine for $100 for first offense and the second offence will be $250 and the third offence will be $500. †¢Supporting details 2 By doing this, I am sure people will not played their cell phones while driving because the price is to high! Transition to main point 3 Besides that, cell phone is a distracting thing while driving a car. †¢Main point 3 When we are driving, we are tending to be more careful or cautious about people around. But, when something distracting us we might lose focus on driving example when suddenly something happened, we have or tend to have slower braking time. †¢Supporting details 1 To curb this from always happened, the government can also make some changes to the road rather than we use the law to reduce the number of driver that doing this ‘crime’. The government need to install â€Å"Rumble Strips† along road to get attention of the driver. †¢Supporting details 2 Rumble strips can also be called as sleeper lines which are to alert the driver if they have drift from their lane on the road. Besides it is an economical and effective to the driver. Picture shown that the rumble strips in Hennikar, New Hampshire, US. (picture is shown) Transition to conclusion Be sure to keep this in mind that with using cell phone while driving will cause you to be in more high risk state. Conclusion †¢Summary of main point In conclusion, I am emphasise that using cell phone while driving will cause you more impact because your mind cannot focus on driving, and it will distracting you as a driver and we need to follow the law from government or else we might get into trouble.

An Analysis Of The Asian Financial Crisis

An Analysis Of The Asian Financial Crisis The miracle that was East Asia came to a sudden halt in 1997.  After growing by an annual average of more than 8%, Asian economies not only shifted to lower gear, they even reversed course.  The collapse of the Thai baht in July 1997 sparked off a massive financial and economic maelstrom in the region.  As exchange rates and stock markets plunged, foreign debt denominated in foreign currencies soared.  Many domestic firms became insolvent, interest rates skyrocketed and credits dried up as panic by domestic and international investors ensued.  Meanwhile ethnic tensions, erstwhile contained by strong economic growth, flared up again, particularly in Indonesia.  This, in a nutshell, was the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis. Despite prompt and concerted attempts by developing countries, industrial countries and international organization to contain it, the Asian Crisis of 1997 spread to other Asian, Latin and Eastern European economies to varying degrees. In fact, this crisis put one third of the globe into recession in 1998. The crisis raised various questions regarding, not only the future of the regions economy but also about the impact of the crisis on various multinational companies and the world. Reasons Although explanations differ, most accounts now agree that the weakness of Asian financial systems was pivotal. One scenario was that, the liberalization of capital accounts and financial systems in Asia interacted with poor and inadequate regulatory structures.  This led to rapid domestic expansion, as reflected in asset price bubbles, which in turn fuelled more borrowing.  As a result, the economy was held hostage to shocks like changing investor expectations.  When external events pricked the bubble, the spiraling increase in asset inflation became a downward spiral of asset collapses. Another scenario highlights the role of short-term maturity debt and the term structure mismatch between assets and liabilities that made these economies extremely sensitive to investor expectations.  The short-term liabilities of Asian ec`onomies were very high, with someparticularly Thailand, Korea, Indonesia, and Malaysia far exceeding their liquid reserves prior to the crisis.  This made them extremely vulnerable to sudden calls for repayments. Yet another scenario emphasizes the policies of fixed exchange rates followed by Asian governments, which encouraged over borrowing and contributed to the fragility of the financial sector.  When the US dollar appreciated against major industrial currencies, the Asian economies whose currencies were pegged to the dollar also appreciated, thus worsening their export competitiveness.  Poor export performance due to lower competitiveness was compounded by weak domestic demand from Japan, and low cyclical demand for semiconductors worldwide.  This, combined with the vulnerability of Asian financial systems, changed the overly optimistic outlook on Asia.  The stage was thus set for the currency attack and financial crisis. The question still being debated, however, is what made these economies pursue policies that rendered them vulnerable to external shocks, and what economic incentives or disincentives led to the weakening of the Asian financial structure, apparently to its very core? Although much has been written about the Asian financial crisis, two competing explanations dominate the debate over the root cause of the crisis.  One story is that the Asian financial crisis was caused by a panic-induced illiquidity of capital markets, the panic hypothesis or illiquidity hypothesis.  The other story maintains that the Asian financial crisis stemmed from latent structural defects, induced by adverse incentives, which then encouraged excessive risk taking, the so-called moral hazard hypothesis. Panic Illiquidity The panic view, simply told, is that the frenzied haste to divest out of the region resulted in costly asset liquidations, asset price collapses, domestic bank runs and the drying up of credit.  According to those in this camp, economic fundamentals, including government policies in crisis countries may have been unsatisfactory, but did not warrant a crisis.  Real exchange rates, for instance, were only slightly overvalued.  Instead, the crisis occurred because of adverse shifts in market expectations.  These shifts can generally be precipitated by almost anything like the collapse of a big bank, political turmoil or lackluster export performance.  Once panic prevails, however, sound fundamentals become irrelevant.  Market expectations are therefore the key to understanding crises. What the panic hypothesis highlights is the inherent instability of international financial markets.   Structural Defects Moral Hazards The moral hazard view attempts to explain why economies like Thailand, Korea, and Indonesia reached such a level of vulnerability that they were like disasters waiting to happen.  This view maintains that the root cause of the crisis lays in the wrong economic incentivesinduced by implicit or explicit government guarantees, connections with the powers-that-be or interlocking ownership structures-which then led to over borrowing, over lending, and over-investment. In other words, the moral hazard view places bad government policies at the heart of the crisis, even though these very policies were once lauded for achieving fast growth and material improvement for so many people.  The point, however, that the moral hazard camp tries to drive home is that the vulnerability of the Asian economies resulted from the accumulation of many years of bad habits, glossed over while the going was good.  Some of these bad habits were actually residues of the industrial policies and winner-pick ing that, ironically, was thought to have propelled these economies to tiger hood. Policy Implications from the Lessons Learnt The divide between the two views extends to policy implications for a post-crisis, global financial environment.  On the one hand, the panic camps main policy focus was on reform of the international financial system, the inherent instability of which was spotlighted in the Asian crisis.  Grand proposals like the need for an international lender-of-last-resort, an international bankruptcy court, burden sharing between private creditor and borrower alike in the event of a systemic crisis, and better provision of information to minimize uncertainty, were the major policy prescriptions of panic view adherents. The moral hazard camp, on the other hand, was more concerned with removing the incentives that gave rise to economic vulnerability.  It proposed an arms length relationship between banks, instead of the old cozy relationships.  It also advocated increased transparency and improved corporate governance, as well as the strengthening of banking supervision and regulation. Most of the policy recommendations for strengthening the international financial system focused on the following: Improving Corporate Governance Improving corporate governance means addressing the bad incentives or moral hazards stemming from certain ownership structures.  In Asia, these structures include interlocking directorships between banks and firms; family-dominated, corporate ownership; ineffective legal and regulatory frameworks; and a lack of transparency and adequate disclosure rules.  These all contributed to the overleveraged characteristics of Asian corporations.  For this reason, an effective legal and regulatory framework, coupled with strict rules of transparency and disclosure, is fundamental for sound corporate governance and efforts are going on in this direction. Financial Restructuring Closely connected to corporate governance reforms is the supervision of banks and the financial sector.  In contrast to governance issues, however, this is more straightforward.  Bank restructuring, for instance, has had a slow start but has nevertheless advanced.  Solvent firms have been closed, some banks have been recapitalized, mergers are taking place, and Asian governments have established appropriate agencies to take care of foreclosed assets.  Rules on the foreign ownership of banks and financial institutions have also become more liberal, non-performing loans are finally being tackled, and securitization attempted. Financial restructuring must go hand in hand with better corporate governance and an improved regulatory and supervisory structure.  Supervision needs to be tight and strong, professional and arms length.   Regional Cooperation The imperative for maintaining the momentum of systemic and institutional restructuring lies with national governments, but there is some scope for support at the regional and international levels.  Opportunities exist, at a regional level, for East Asian governments to engage in policy consultation and to share their experiences in reforming the corporate and banking sectors.  The formation of the ASEAN Surveillance process is a significant development along these lines.  Its main purpose is to set up a monitoring and early warning system for the region, but it also provides the institutional setting where a frank exchange of views on policy directions in ASEAN can take place and where joint action, if appropriate, can be forged.   Performance of East Asian Economies and Financial Markets since the Crisis After the outburst of the crisis, East Asia recovered at an impressive pace. For those countries most affected by this financial crunch (e.g., Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and South Korea), their real GDP growth rates turned from negative in 1998 to positive in 1999 and 2000, and their currency and stock markets also largely recovered. Moreover, interest rates remained below pre-crisis levels, and inflation was well controlled for some time. In addition to the favorable domestic environment for these countries, the international economy also showed an unusually strong performance, giving East Asias economy a lift. The world GDP growth rate surpassed 4.1% in 2000, more than twice the rate of 1998; and the international trade growth rate reached 11% in 2000, more than twice the rate of 1999. Two major factors appeared to explain this fast recovery: Strong U.S. economic growth and currency value. Net cash inflows in foreign direct investment and current account surplus of crisis-hit countries. Factors Contributing to Recovery Following factors appeared to contribute towards the recovery from the crisis: Strong economic growth and solid currency value of the U.S.: The economic growth and the rising import demand of the U.S. generated a positive shock and exerted a strong influence on East Asian emerging economies. We note that the U.S. recorded a strong GDP expansion after the crisis, with growth rates of 4.5% in 1997, 4.3% in 1998, and 3.8% in 1999, and the value of U.S. dollar exhibited an upward trend in those three years. Stimulated by an expanding economy and currency appreciation, the domestic demand for import went up strongly in the U.S. throughout the post-crisis period, creating tremendous export opportunities for East Asian economies. Net cash inflows in FDI and current account: In 1996, the net direct investment and other capital accounts were in surplus, while the current account was in deficit. After the crisis, massive foreign capital fled East Asia. The deficit of capital account was large, which further contributed to the instability in this region. How-ever, the net direct investment remained in surplus and the outflow in capital account slowed down considerably in 1999. In addition, the current account reversed from deficit to surplus after the crisis largely due to increasing ex-ports to the U.S. The overall cash flow balance turned from negative to positive in 1998 because of the sizable surplus in current account and the net inflows in capital account. Hence, the net cash inflows in 1998, 1999, and 2000 have helped the crisis-hit countries build up substantial foreign reserves. Conclusion The Asian crisis was an eye-opener.  The Achilles heel of the Asian economies, their financial systems finally gave in after years of excess.  What caused the financial systems to give way is still a matter of academic debate. A pragmatic reading of the crisis suggests that the bulk of the policy responses had to be carried out on the home front.  It is imperative that domestic reforms focus on both systemic and institutional restructuring.  Asia clearly needed and needs to change continuously.  It needs to be open to the West and the Western style of business, from the provision of information to business relationships.  Domestic efforts should also be supported by regional and international mechanisms.

Essay --

NUTRITION MONTH MALAYSIA By Nutrition Society of Malaysia (NSM) Secretariat: VersaComm Sdn Bhd (263773-W) Title Malaysia’s battle with the bulge Project EPA Expert Malaysia’s Battle with the Bulge Obesity is one of the biggest problems that face our nation. Learn more about what you can do to avoid becoming a statistic. By [Expert’s Name Here], [Expert’s Designation Here]. A survey carried out by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2010 showed that Malaysia has the highest obesity rate in Southeast Asia and is ranked sixth in the Asia-Pacific region. This finding is consistent with the Malaysian Ministry of Health nation-wide survey results. The National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) was meant as a yardstick to measure the health status of Malaysians. It was carried out in 1986, 1996, 2006, and 2011. When looking at the compiled results, it points to an alarming fact – in 2011, obesity has increased by more than 343% since the second NHMS in 1996. However, a follow-up study conducted by the Institute of Medical Research (IMR) showed higher figures when compared against the NHMS IV results. Putting the results of NHMS II, NHMS III, and NHMS IV together merely serves to expose just how serious the problem is. To illustrate the gravity of the situation, take a look at the graph below. A growing problem How did so many Malaysians end up becoming obese? There are many factors that have led up to this situation. At the top of the list is the Malaysian lifestyle. This involves two major aspects, one of which is our national obsession with food. Going out for meals would no doubt rank in the top-three list of favourite things to do with friends and family. We have even made it into a form of greeting when we bump int... ...ur family. Investing in your future Obesity is something that you have a say in. It doesn’t just happen, it happens because you have not taken the necessary steps to keep it away. While changing your lifestyle may seem like a chore, it’s completely possible and can even be fun to implement. All that you really need is a change in your mind-set. It’s alright to indulge in the occasional buffets or to indulge your sweet-tooth once in a while. Just don’t make it the norm! Living a healthy lifestyle doesn’t mean that you can’t still enjoy the good things in life, it just means not over-indulging. Remember that every little bit goes a long way toward reducing your chances of becoming obese, and at the end of the day, your health will be your wealth! Ref: 1. http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/16/3/561.pdf 2. http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/20/1/35.pdf 3.

Bureaucratic Management Essay

The concept of bureaucracy as a form of organization has become the basis for scholars and practitioners to determine and evaluate other forms of organizations. It is observed that whenever an organization is described, one always says it is either bureaucratic or non-bureaucratic. This paper will identify the characteristics of bureaucratic organizations and determine whether these characteristics are still present among organizations of today. This essay is outlined according to the following structure: The first part introduces the reader to Max Weber and his idea of the bureaucratic organization. The major characteristics of the bureaucracy will be presented and discussed in accordance with the original ideas propounded by Weber himself, either through his own writings or those who have exhaustively studied his works. The second part will be a discussion of why the bureaucratic forms developed, interpreted to mean a discussion of their causes as well as the reasons why the bureaucracy flourished as a model of an organization. The final part is a qualified assessment of whether the bureaucratic model of organizations is still being used by present-day organizations or whether organizations have outgrown it and have found the more effective form. Some examples will be given as to what organizational structures or forms are being used by modern organizations. From these will be determined if organizations are now in the post-bureaucratic period. Bureaucracy as a concept of organization was a contribution to theory attributable to either Karl Marx or Max Weber. However, since much of the writings of Karl Marx are more ideologically focused on the philosophical and social aspects, especially with his concept of revolutionary communism, Max Weber has come to be known as the proponent of the concept of bureaucracy. It is safe to believe at this point though, that Max Weber was highly influenced by the writings of Karl Marx and from whose ideas some his bureaucratic concepts are anchored. This essay will focus on the ideas advanced by Max Weber regarding the bureaucratic organization. The description â€Å"Weberian†, referring to his model of bureaucracy, has become a comfortable term to use in bureaucratic literature. Being the major contributor to social theory with his idea of the bureaucratic organization, Max Weber finds himself in major written works, proving his important place in social and political theory. The reasons for his importance are discussed in the Weber book edited by Sam Whimster entitled The Essential Weber: A Reader.   Some reasons provided are: the concept of the work ethic; the idea of rationality as applied to the capitalist enterprise, the bureaucratic organization, and legal systems; discipline; the legitimacy of power and leadership; a general theory of power based on the Marxist idea of social classes; among others.[1] Having said this, one wonders why Weber’s bureaucracy is considered the â€Å"ideal organization† or the â€Å"ideal-type† organization. What makes it become the model for future organizations? What are the main characteristics of the bureaucratic organization? To know these characteristics will help one understand why his model is considered to be an ideal model. The Main Characteristics of Bureaucratic Management The idea of bureaucracy elicits varied reactions from different people. Some agree with the idea of achieving order through its prescribed system of doing things. Others though condemn it for causing problems like delays, corruption, being too impersonal, etc.   In order to put all these in their proper perspective, a good starting point is to define the concept of bureaucracy. The first and most common word one comes across in literature related to bureaucracy is the word rationality. Quoting Weber, Neil Garston defines bureaucracy in the book Bureaucracy: Three Paradigms by way of the categories of rational legal authority.   Authority in this sense is equated to bureaucracy and involves the following: [2] 1. A continuous organization of official functions bound by rules 2. A specified fear of competence involving spheres of obligations marked by division of labor; incumbent being provided with authority to carry out functions; clearly defined means of compulsion 3. The organization of offices follows the principle of hierarchy 4. The rules which regulate the conduct of an office may be technical rules or norms 5. Administration is completely separated from ownership 6. Complete absence of appropriation of his position by the incumbent 7. Administrative acts, decisions and rules are formulated and recorded in writing. Garston goes on to describe the purely bureaucratic organization as â€Å"being from the technical point of view, capable of attaining the highest degree of efficiency and is in this sense the most rational means of carrying out imperative control of human beings.[3] From above description of bureaucracy, a rational organization for Weber is an organization that is governed by a system of rules and procedures. The rationality in his ideal organization is its capability to be efficient through methods of carrying out control over human beings. The aspects of being stable and reliable make the organization ideal. The rules which are observed with much discipline make the organization less prone to instability because there will be none or very little room for sudden changes which may result in the breakdown of the system. In short, Weber advocates an organization that is governed by rules which are universally and strictly followed by people who are qualified and properly trained. Below is a further explanation of the characteristics of a bureaucratic organization, as presented in the initial part of the essay: 1. A continuous organization of official functions bound by rules The application of rules is for everyone and the rules have to be complied with. Rules are applied irrespective of the position and not the person who occupies the position. 2. A specified sphere of competence involving spheres of obligations marked by division of labor; incumbent being provided with authority to carry out functions; clearly defined means of compulsion. Work is divided among the staff, each one with his own set of responsibilities as well as the means of doing them.   The different position titles reflect the nature of how work is divided among the staff, each position has corresponding obligations and responsibilities. 3. The organization of offices follows the principle of hierarchy The organization is characterized by positions of authority structured in a hierarchy, which means that, according to Weber, each lower office is controlled and supervised by a higher one. And consequently, there are positions that have more power. 4. The rules which regulate the conduct of an office may be technical rules or norms. This means that the organization is staffed by qualified people because only those who pass the standards get hired. The basis of both the selection and promotion of employees is the employees’ technical qualifications. As an example, in the specific area of HR, the Personnel Manual codifies the qualification criteria for the selection and hiring of employees. 5. Administration is completely separated from ownership 6. Complete absence of appropriation of his position by the incumbent Both characteristics refer to the aspect of separating administration from ownership in bureaucratic organizations. The means of administration do not belong to the bureaucrat but are concentrated at the top. Thus the position of the official cannot be sold or inherited and it cannot be appropriated and integrated in his private patrimony.[4] The means of production and  administration referred to include the physical equipment like computers, documents, buildings, etc. 7. Administrative acts, decisions and rules are formulated and recorded in writing.   Weber advocates the recording of rules and all acts of administration through written forms, which he referred to as â€Å"the files†. Weber uses the terms â€Å"rational† and â€Å"bureaucratic† in his model. From this, bureaucracy is sometimes called the bureaucratic rationality theory. An assessment of this idea was made by   Stanley Udy Jr. in the article â€Å"Bureaucracy and Rationality in Weber’s Organization Theory: An Empirical Study. The specifications made by Weber were reformulated as either â€Å"bureaucratic† or â€Å"rational† variables. The study proposed the positive and negative associations between the variables from a comparative analysis of 150 formal organizations in 150 non-industrial societies: â€Å"(a) bureaucratic variables are positively associated; (b) rational variables are positively associated; but (c) rational variables are negatively associated with bureaucratic variables†.[5]   This is interpreted to mean that there are certain characteristics of Weber’s bureaucracy that are considered rational, some are considered bureaucratic but not all of them are both bureaucratic and rational. This is really proof of how much dissected the bureaucratic theory is. How about the effect of bureaucracy to the people within the organization? The bureaucracy, with all its characteristic features, is seen as producing two views of the human outcomes, the positive and the negative views. According to the negative view, the bureaucratic form of organization stifles creativity, fosters dissatisfaction, and demotivates employees while in the positive view, bureaucracy provides the needed guidance and clarifies responsibilities, thereby easing role stress and helping individuals be and feel more effective.[6] The Development of Bureaucratic Forms In the writings of Weber, there were already indications of a bureaucratic organization as early as in the middle ages under the rule of the kings. Kings during that time ruled on traveled around ruling the country on horseback, bringing with them sometimes an army of men who took his orders. We have seen this scene fully documented in movies of ancient times where the king, with just a simple signal, can get his men to follow all his orders, from simple documentation to the complex instructions about going into battle. Weber saw this  as a sign of bureaucracy with his idea of the â€Å"bureau†. From this ancient practice developed the concept of the modern bureaucracy.   Presently though, the bureau as Weber described it is structured in a variety of ways, but the main idea of having staff and having an office still remains. Weber called the ancient practice as the â€Å"bureaucratization of the army†.[7] Weber’s works are dominated by the term â€Å"rationalization†. This seemed to have moved him to write about the bureaucratic model as an ideal type organization. According to him, this concept of rationality can help organizations achieve their objectives. The early theories and models of organizations, which are considered traditional, were highly criticized by Weber, saying they are either irrational or non-rational. Being a sociologist mainly, he believed that the use of religion or even magic in ruling is not effective. The traditional forms were not systematic and there were no rules, leaders only relied on feelings and supernatural explanations or perhaps their charisma. While Max Weber considered history to be a force in motivating him to write about bureaucracy, another author provides another dimension to how bureaucratic forms of  organizations developed. Contentions were made relative to Hegel’s Theory of Bureaucracy.   One is that Hegel’s theory is as comprehensive as Weber’s ideal type of bureaucratic organization in that the paradigm of Weber could fit in a reformulation of Hegel’s model.   A second contention made is that Hegel adapts the Aristotelian category of practical judgment to characterize the bureaucratic activity as subsumption. The Weberian concept of rationality is even helpful in the clarifying the difficulties in Hegel’s political thought. This leads to the third contention that Hegel’s model can contribute to a theory of bureaucracy that is more applicable to modern political and social reality.[8] This whole idea of comparing Hegel and Weber and even using the ideas of Aristotle proves that the bureaucracy is an idea that is not only forced by history but also one that is a natural way of organizations. The scholars and other students of bureaucracy only attempted to improve what has already been an idea and a model in the minds of the thinkers. Thus it can be said that the bureaucracy developed as a result of the need to improve the traditional methods of establishing the structures for organizations. While organizations were not really devoid of structure then, the weaknesses in their models became a motivation to come up with better models. The ideas of the bureaucracy were borne out of the need to make them more efficient by following the structure proposed by Weber. The presence of a system of rules governing administration is believed by Weber to be an important component of being able to run the affairs of the organization very smoothly. This is especially true among formal organizations as they are more applicable to them. Another reason is the need to do away with the subjectivity and personal biases governing human organizations. This means that when there are standardized rules, the  possibility of a lot of personal favors may be avoided. It is considered ideal to have the rules universally applied so that there are no personal biases that may arise. The â€Å"personalization† of the positions sometimes cause complex problems arising out of differences in perceptions and attitudes. The impersonal touch of organization is seen to be beneficial in order that rules may be universally applied more easily. The bureaucracy also developed further as it was seen to be continuously pertinent   .. even in today’s socioeconomic and cultural life. This is the position espoused in the book Max Weber and the New Century. The book advances the position that Weber’s ideas are still preeminent and continue to have lasting vitality within social theory. By applying them to topics of contemporary concern, they are expressed in different cultural forms. Sica calls the study of Weber’s works â€Å"a universe of Weberian analysis†.[9]   

University as I see it

Mr.. Rater, ladies and gentlemen I am grateful for the opportunity rendered by all of you to express my opinion in this fiercely controverter subject. To me the period between high school and work, or Post-graduate education, which is called by all of us University, is inevitably the most defining period in our life, as it ends our acquisition in school as well as precedes our career of utilizing what we've learned. For the sake of its special position – between learning and work, that defining period is ordained the special duty of being well seed to acquire some knowledge and abilities that will be soon made use of.Unlike any other period we've ever experienced or will experience, it is never a single period simply to learn something or to use what we've learned; it is a combination of learning and using. Another extraordinary identity of this period is that It's time when we are young and active. Being impressively influenced by the quotation â€Å"Be crazy before being ol d†, many of us have recognized that this is not only a period to forge us but a wonderful while to enjoy, as it will possibly be the last chance that we eve plenty of time to think, to plan, and dodo what we desire.Unfortunately many of us have only realized one of the two major use of university – mostly the entertaining one. They have well but Insufficiently enjoyed the paradise with least rules and restrictions; they are doing whatever gratifies them – spending almost all the time they're awake playing computer games, having fun with their friends all the time, of course while absent from classes.The rest of whoever realized only one use of the period are completely doing oppositely to the former ones; they have always en studying and studying, any time they are not sleeping, even sometimes when they are. The commonly seen phenomenon mentioned above does not stand for what modern university students are all about; In fact It Is something that, If treated wisel y and courageously, can be largely reduced. And such wisdom and courage will be no more than a clear recognition of our Identity and the enormity attached to that Identity.With such recognition, our entertainment will be more relaxing when letting go the fatigue of working; with such recognition, we will realize that we are now not only students that shall learn as much as possible, but adults that need some abilities to take the responsibility of our life; with such recognition, we will soon have a vision of our future that's being more and more clear and close. We are still very young, so we have a lot of time and energy to make our life crazier, more wonderful, and more unforgettable.But we are no longer Immature, so we cannot bear the loss of some Irresponsible deeds that are thought, however, enjoyable when being done. And all these should be kept In mind during the defining period – university. Thank you all. University as I see it By rises career of utilizing what we'v e learned. For the sake of its special position – between any other period we've ever experienced or will experience, it is never a single period simply to learn something or to use what we've learned; it is a combination of learning and using.Another extraordinary identity of this period is that it's time entertaining one. They have well but insufficiently enjoyed the paradise with least the time they're awake playing computer games, having fun with their friends all the hat modern university students are all about; in fact it is something that, if treated be no more than a clear recognition of our identity and the enormity attached to that identity.With such recognition, our entertainment will be more relaxing when letting and more unforgettable. But we are no longer immature, so we cannot bear the loss of some irresponsible deeds that are thought, however, enjoyable when being done. And all these should be kept in mind during the defining period – university. Thank

Role Of The Discipline In Developing A Child’s Self-Esteem

1. What role do you think discipline plays in developing a child’s self-esteem? What forms of discipline best serve the self-esteem of the child or adolescent? I think discipline plays a vast role in developing a child’s self-esteem , it determines the way children collaborate with the public and theirs cause and effects to what may happen to the child depending on the way they were disciplined as a minor, such as knowing the difference from punishing and abusing a child.Punishing a child too harshly can scar them for life and have them grow up with low self-esteem and not giving those enough punishments that they deserve might turn the child into a monster. The forms of discipline that best serves the self-esteem of a child might include boundary-based discipline, and emotion coaching. 2. List and discuss how activities, clubs, or sports, impact the self-esteem of children and parents. Provide at least two activities, clubs, or sports in your answer.Children that parti cipate in sports, clubs, etc. are more likely to have a high self-esteem because self-esteem partially comes from accomplishments and success and when children succeed in the sports and clubs that they are devoted in will give them that satisfactory that they have been striving and working hard for. Such as basketball players working hard on different techniques on how to win a game, that takes time, effort, and determination.But after that big win, the trophies, the crowds going wild over what you’ve succeeded, it puts the child/athlete on top, making them thrilled over what they’ve just accomplished leading to high self-esteem. Being involved in a debate club also gives you that boost of excitement knowing that whatever your thinking is being heard and your knowledge is being shared with those who are present, after winning versus someone else gives you that high self-esteem, because you’ve just accomplished a great self-achievement.

Law of trusts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law of trusts - Case Study Example The children being the minors are not entitled to be solidly or liquidly be given any cash it should only be kept for them or invested for their behalf. Therefore Teresa is not entitled to pay them any income except invest or save it for their benefit after meeting their necessary requirements. Teresa is entitled to invest the money for the beneficiaries for as much as she can but not give them hard cash because of their age. In the law of Equity and Trust, any trustee is entitled to make decision on investment of the beneficiaries. Therefore Teresa should not give them cash as it will spoil them. Further dislike of the children by Teresa does not entitle her not to give or provide for them what should be provided. Her personal hatred towards the children should not be driven towards the fund. However if Teresa finds that her dislike to the children is affecting the trust, then she can apply to the court for requiting her post as a trustee and the court shall appoint a trustee to run the fund. Therefore, the two boys claim is justified as long as they do not solicit for the income realized from these investments to be paid to them directly. Teresa as a trustee should not also invest the money for the boys where she has interest. b) Austin's dropping out of school where he was studying Tourism studies at the University of Scunthorpe does not entitle him to be given the money to start his own business by being 200,000 as down payment of 10% on the purchase of the hotel. This is against the law of equity since all the investments done must be for the benefit of the two children. Therefore, Teresa should not give out the money to Austin simply because, he (Austin) is a minor and in any case the money is held in trust for their benefits and not his own benefit. Any investment done or any purchase of the two children him (Austin) and Morris. In reality the age of maturity i.e. 25 years. Then he can be given the said money to start his business as he requires but before that, Teresa should not be swayed or pressed to give any money to Austin as this is against the rule of equality, where all the investment on property or otherwise must be for the benefit of both children and not Austin himself. Therefore Austin mu st not be given the said money as he is a minor and the Trust is not for his own benefit, it is held on the behalf of the two children and strictly for the provision of necessaries like food, accommodation, education and thereafter any amount extra can be invested in other investments for the benefit of them (Austin and mum's). Austin mighty argues that since he has dropped out of University, his part of fees can form part of 200,000 for the purchase of the Hotel, this should not be entertained since no one had forced him out of school. He dropped out of University in his own will. He is free to go back and continue with his studies and his fees will be paid. However, if Austin has entered into agreement with the management of the Hotel to purchase the hotel, Teresa as a trustee can write a letter to the hotel and explain to them why she cannot give Austin the money to pay as part of payment in the purchase of the Hotel. This is because all the money is held